The Linux kernel is flexible, and the way it works can be modified on the fly by dynamically changing some of its parameters using the sysctl command.

• sysctl can be used to both read and write sysctl data; i.e. it provides an interface that allows the examination and change of several hundred kernel parameters in Linux.
• Changes take effect immediately, and there is even a way to make them persist after a reboot.
  • The parameters available are those listed under /proc/sys/.

sudo cp /etc/sysctl.conf /etc/sysctl.conf.orig

Add the following entries to the bottom of the /etc/sysctl.conf file to stop some spoofing attacks and enhance other security measures:

/etc/sysctl.conf

...
...
# Network Security
net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.secure_redirects = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv4.conf.all.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.log_martians = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts = 1
net.ipv4.icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses = 1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 2048
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 2
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 5
 
# IPv6 Security (if enabled)
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_redirects = 0
net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0
net.ipv6.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
 
# Process Security
kernel.randomize_va_space = 2
kernel.kptr_restrict = 2
kernel.dmesg_restrict = 1
kernel.perf_event_paranoid = 3
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope = 2
kernel.panic_on_oops = 1
kernel.panic = 60
kernel.sysrq = 0
 
# File System Security
fs.protected_hardlinks = 1
fs.protected_symlinks = 1
fs.suid_dumpable = 0
fs.protected_fifos = 2
fs.protected_regular = 2
 
# Additional Security Measures
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
kernel.panic_on_unrecovered_nmi = 1
kernel.panic_on_io_nmi = 1
kernel.unprivileged_bpf_disabled = 1
net.core.bpf_jit_harden = 2

Save the /etc/sysctl.conf file.

This reloads the sysctl parameters:

sudo sysctl -p