docker images

Returns

REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
ubuntu              16.10               df4ba6fcd70e        36 hours ago        100.2 MB
ubuntu              16.04               f753707788c5        36 hours ago        127.2 MB
ubuntu              latest              f753707788c5        36 hours ago        127.2 MB
hello-world         latest              c54a2cc56cbb        3 months ago        1.848 kB
docker/whalesay     latest              6b362a9f73eb        16 months ago       247 MB

docker rmi image_name

Seeing all created containers is as simple as docker ps -a.

To remove all existing containers (not images!) run docker rm $(docker ps -aq)

You can find all the images that match a pattern using a combination of docker images and grep. Once you're satisfied, you can delete them by using awk to pass the IDs to docker rmi. Note that these utilities are not supplied by Docker and are not necessarily available on all systems:

To find the images:

docker ps -a |  grep "pattern"

To remove the images:

docker images | grep "pattern" | awk '{print $1}' | xargs docker rm