ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -an -filter:v "setpts=0.1*PTS" output.mp4
NOTE:
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=<1/x>*PTS[v];[0:a]atempo=<x>[a]" -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output.mkv
NOTE: w/ audio, where <x> is the speedup ratio.
For example, to speed up the video by 1.5 times the original speed, use:
ffmpeg -i input.mkv -filter_complex "[0:v]setpts=0.6667*PTS[v];[0:a]atempo=1.5[a]" -map "[v]" -map "[a]" output.mkv